Your child is cranky, running a fever and going through tissues like there’s no tomorrow.  

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

Then, they won’t eat.  

Then, you see a rash. And their best friend’s mom from daycare calls and says her child hasn’t been feeling well either. 

And now it’s all making sense. 

It might be hand, foot and mouth disease, a common but highly contagious childhood illness that makes its way — very quickly — through households, daycares and schools.  

“Like most viruses, hand, foot and mouth is fairly contagious,” says pediatrician Dana Schmidt, MD. “So, in a daycare or school setting, it can spread very quickly.” 

Caused by a strain of the coxsackievirus, hand, foot and mouth disease is best known for the blister-like rash that appears on the — you guessed it — hands, feet and mouth. Contrary to its name, though, the rash can appear all over the body.

Dr. Schmidt answers your most pressing questions about this common and highly contagious illness. 

Q: What are the stages of hand, foot and mouth disease?  

A: Hand, foot and mouth disease will initially look similar to a cold. After a few days, a rash will start to form. 

Stage 1 | Days 1-2: Cold-like symptoms 

The first symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease are similar to a cold and include:  

• Fever (99.5 degrees Fahrenheit/37.5 degrees Celsius or higher in children when measured by mouth).  
• Lack of appetite. 
• Runny nose. 
• Sore throat. 

It’s during this first phase of the disease that you’re most contagious and most likely to pass the virus to other people, Dr. Schmidt says. 

Stage 2 | Day 3: Mouth sores 

After the initial symptoms set in, you may notice small sores inside of your mouth, including on your gums, tongue and roof of your mouth. The spots may appear like small red bumps or larger open sores.

These sores can make swallowing painful, so it’s common for people with hand, foot and mouth disease to not want to eat. It’s also common that mouth sores will cause children to drool. 

Sometimes, the rash stops at the mouth. That’s called herpangina (and the advice below still applies). 

Stage 3 | Day 4: Skin rash 

In the next day, you may notice sores spread to the hands and feet, and possibly elsewhere.  

“The hallmarks of the virus are a rash that appears on the hands, feet and mouth, but the rash can often be found all over the body, including the trunk and genitals,” Dr. Schmidt states. 

The look of the rash can vary from person to person. Some people experience small, red spots that don’t cause any discomfort. Others may have larger spots, sometimes filled with pus, that may be painful. The spots may contain the virus, so avoid touching the rash as much as possible, and wash your hands thoroughly after coming in contact with blisters. The rash usually isn’t itchy. 

The spots should clear up in about 10 days. 

Q: How long are you contagious? 

A: You’re most contagious with hand, foot and mouth disease during the first few days of being sick —often before blisters appear. Once the blisters dry up, you’re less likely to pass on the virus, though it can live in your stool for weeks after the rash clears.  

Hand, foot and mouth disease can be spread in several ways: 

• Droplets expelled when a person who is infected coughs or sneezes.  
• Direct contact with blisters.  
• Shared items, like utensils, towels, clothing, surfaces and toys. 
• Through feces. Be sure to wash your hands right away if you’re changing diapers, pull-ups or otherwise come into contact with an infected person’s stool. 

If your child becomes infected, prevent the spread by keeping them home from daycare, school or other group activities. If you’re infected, stay home from work or school. 

Q: Can caregivers get hand, foot and mouth disease? 

A: Yes. Hand, foot and mouth disease is very common and usually affects infants and children under the age of 5. But because it’s so infectious, it can spread among family members and daycare providers. It can make older kids, teenagers and adults sick. 

Q: Can you get hand, foot and mouth disease twice? 

A: Yes. Dr. Schmidt explains that because multiple viruses can cause hand, foot and mouth disease, it’s possible to catch the virus multiple times. 

Preventing hand, foot and mouth disease 

You can do several things to prevent or reduce the spread of hand, foot and mouth disease: 

• Wash your hands often, especially after changing diapers. 
• Disinfect any contaminated surfaces with water and bleach or sanitizing wipes. 
• Wash your child’s clothing, bedding and any other soiled items. 
• Stay away from other people, especially during the first few days of the illness.  

Treating hand, foot and mouth disease

Hand, foot and mouth disease has no specific treatment, although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that most people get better on their own within seven to 10 days. But you can treat symptoms of the virus with over-the-counter pain medications. 

It’s also important to stay hydrated. Because mouth sores can make eating and drinking uncomfortable, dehydration is a common side effect. Avoid foods and drinks that are acidic, like orange juice, as they can irritate mouth sores. Stick to milder or cold foods. Older children and adults may also relieve some discomfort with salt water gargles, although this treatment isn’t recommended for infants, toddlers or younger children. 

Be especially vigilant if hand, foot and mouth disease symptoms become severe, or if you or your child has a weak immune system or becomes dehydrated. Talk with a healthcare provider if the fever doesn’t go away after three days or if all symptoms don’t improve after 10 days. 

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

• By Lee I-chia / Staff reporter

Inbound travelers from today are allowed to drive to a quarantine location in their own vehicle, the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) announced yesterday.

The inbound traveler cap last week was expanded to 50,000 per week because of increased travel demand, which prompted yesterday’s announcement, it said.

Civil Aeronautics Administration Deputy Director-General Fang Chih-wen (方志文) said that major airports would have designated parking areas for people to park private vehicles and signs at terminals would indicate the location of the parking areas.

Photo: CNA

The parking areas at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport are Terminal 1’s No. 2 lot and Terminal 2’s No. 4 lot; at Taipei International Airport (Songshan airport) they are the Nos. 1 and 2 outdoor lots; at Kaohsiung’s Hsiaokang International Airport they are sections C and D of the lot in front of the international terminal; and at Taichung Airport it is the B1 lot, Fang said.

People should check with their quarantine hotel whether it has parking spaces designated for inbound travelers entering quarantine before driving their own vehicle, he said, adding that vehicles may not be hired to transport people from an airport to a quarantine site.

Masks must be worn throughout the drive to the quarantine location and people should disinfect their hands before paying parking fees, he said, adding that no stops are permitted before reaching the quarantine location and no meetings with other people are allowed.

Arriving travelers are recommended to disinfect the inside and outside of their vehicle, especially wiping the door handles, steering wheel, seats, seatbelts and luggage storage areas, when they arrive at the quarantine location, Fang said.

Airport personnel would wear protective equipment and boost environmental disinfection procedures, he added.

Also starting from today, inbound travelers can return home for the four-day self-disease prevention period, as long as they follow the “one person per room” principle, the CECC said, adding that if they stay in a hotel for this period, it must be a quarantine hotel.

Deputy Minister of Health and Welfare Victor Wang (王必勝), who heads the CECC, said that inbound travelers are still subject to the “3+4” quarantine policy — three days of quarantine followed by four days of self-disease prevention.

The inbound traveler cap might be increased further if the rate of those who spend the self-disease prevention period at home rises, which would free up quarantine hotel capacity, and if airport capacity and COVID-19 testing capacity are sufficient, Wang said.

Meanwhile, the fifth round of the real-name-based COVID-19 rapid test kit purchasing program begins today, the CECC said.

With the fast-spreading Omicron BA.5 subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 becoming more prevalent, school semesters starting and the Mid-Autumn Festival long weekend approaching, the risk of local community spread of COVID-19 is expected to increase, so demand for at-home rapid test kits is also expected to rise, it said.

From today, people can buy a maximum of two packs — with five-kit packs costing NT$500 each — in each round, Wang said, adding that the two packs can be purchased at once or separately.

People can also purchase packs for others by showing their National Health Insurance (NHI) card or residence permit, he said.

There are 4,539 NHI-contracted pharmacies across the nation and 79 public health centers in remote areas that sell the packs, he said.

The third round of free rapid test kits for children born on Sept. 2, 2015, or after started on Aug. 15, so those who have not picked up a free pack can still receive them at the pharmacies and public health centers, he added.

People born in 1957 or earlier are also be eligible for an additional free pack from today, he said.

Comments will be moderated. Keep comments relevant to the article. Remarks containing abusive and obscene language, personal attacks of any kind or promotion will be removed and the user banned. Final decision will be at the discretion of the Taipei Times.

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

As agencies continue with their ongoing recovery and relief efforts for Eastern Kentuckians who were impacted by July’s unprecedented floods, public health officials are trying to spread awareness about the potential health concerns a flooding event such as this may bring.

Pike County Health Department Public Health Director Tammy Riley said there are a multitude of concerns from a public health perspective when dealing with a flooding event.

“There’s a variety of public health concerns around a crisis such as a flood,” Riley said. “There are some serious potential health outcomes as a result of this flood that could impact our county and our region.”

Riley said there are three stages to a flooding event. Preservation of life is the first stage, the second stage is cleanup and recovery and the third stage is long-term recovery. According to Riley, there are both physical and mental issues related to all three stages.

During the disaster

During the initial stage of a flooding event, as the water is rising, Riley said the priority is to seek higher ground and call for help. She said always remember “turn around, don’t drown,” when faced with flood waters.

Not only could you potentially be swept away, but Riley said flood waters contain a multitude of health risks.

First, there is a possibility of sustaining bites from animals in flood waters.

Second, flood waters are often carrying debris and other sharp objects that could cause minor or major injuries. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), infections from such injuries are a main concern during and immediately after a flooding event.

Electrical hazards are also a major concern with flood waters, Riley said.

Additionally, flood waters could be full of sewage, fecal matter and other infections materials, said Riley.

Chemicals are also often found in flood waters.

“Flood water comes through homes and properties and sweeps everything along with it,” Riley said. “So there’s a lot of chemical contamination, as well.”

Immediately after the flood

The second stage of a flooding event brings with it even more health concerns.

Riley said mosquito and rodent issues could be of concern not only for those who have been directly impacted by the flood, but also to those who live in the surrounding areas and were not directly impacted.

Gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses are another concern during the cleanup and recovery stage, Riley said. GI issues can be brought on from ingesting flood water, unknowingly accessing contaminated water, or being unaware of potential boil water advisories.

Riley said similar to mosquito and rodent issues, boil water advisories could also affect those who were not directly impacted by the flood.

Skin issues due to exposure to flood waters could also arise during this phase, according to Riley, including rashes and other wounds.

Tetanus is another concern after flooding, however, Riley said there is a lower level of concern for this than perhaps the public may perceive.

Returning home during the clean-up stage can have potential health hazards, as well, Riley said.

When returning home, Riley stressed it is important to never enter a home with standing water in it. It is better to seek an agency that will assist in clearing out the home, she said.

Once it is safe to return to the home, Riley said there are several steps you can take to continue to reduce the risk of health hazards.

She said to always throw away any food that was potentially contaminated by flood water. She also recommended to throw away any type of porous material, such as a cutting board, that can not be properly disinfected. Riley said it is important to ensure you are using safe drinking water from a reliable source and always check for boil water advisories.

There is also a major risk for mold upon returning home, Riley said.

She stressed the importance of disinfecting everything with bleach and allowing it to dry thoroughly before continuing with rebuilding.

When cleaning the home, Riley said to remove any insulation that was potentially exposed to flood water because there is a risk of it growing mold on adjacent materials if left behind.

Another major health hazard when returning home is the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Riley said people often use generators or grills once they’ve returned home after a flooding event.

It is imperative, Riley said, to never use a generator or grill inside a home, garage or any other building of that nature. When using a generator or grill, it is best to ensure they are at least 20 feet away from an open door or window.

Long-term problems anticipated

Riley said the third stage of a flooding event could bring numerous health issues along with it.

Although malnutrition has not been an issue for Eastern Kentucky  in the short-term initial stages thanks to the ample agencies that provided meals to the victims, Riley said that it could become an issue in the long-term final stage of recovery.

“When individuals lose their homes and their vehicles, potentially their ability to carry out their occupation, that’s a loss of income,” said Riley. “With a loss of income, we know there is a long-term impact on health.”

There are also residents who relied on a garden for food and lost it to the flood, Riley said, which is another cause for concern about food supply in the long-term.

There are also major long-term concerns for those impacted who might be choosing food or housing over necessary medications due to additional cost from displacement, Riley said.

Riley emphasized that stress and mental health are major concerns during the long-term recovery phase.

“Really that’s one of the most primary concerns for public health at the current time,” she said. “And it’s something multiple agencies in the area are working on.”

According to Riley, the Pike County Health Dept. offers a variety of services residents can turn to that will help with the long-term recovery efforts.

They offer the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program which provides specific food groups to women, infants and children under five.

They also offer the HANDS program which conducts home visits and provides a number of services to families with children aged two and under.

Riley said the HANDS program is currently working to provide additional services to those who were impacted by the floods.

The Health Dept. also offers clinical services. They provide a variety of vaccines, including the tetanus vaccine.

Additionally, the Health Dept. offers the Harm Reduction Program, which Riley said is currently trying to be proactive in helping an at risk community by distributing Narcan and working with Mountain Comprehensive Care Center to provide mental health resources.

Finally, Riley said the Health Dept. is providing environmental services, such as well water kits, which will ensure safe drinking water for those who get their water from a well.

Moving forward, the road to recovery will be as difficult as it is long.

“It’s going to be a long road to recovery,” Riley said. “It isn’t going to be something that happens overnight.”

The best thing we can do moving forward is to come together as a community and take advantage of all the available resources, Riley said.

“There are a wealth of resources that are being brought to our area,” said Riley. “I don’t think there is any one organization that is the silver bullet answer for us, but I think educating yourself about the variety of resources that are available and taking advantage of every single one for which you qualify is the best thing we can do moving forward.”

Riley recommends those impacted by the flood to visit the Disaster Recovery Center (DRC), located at the Dorton Community Center, where there are many resources available in a one-stop-shop environment.

She also highly recommends anyone who lives in the area to familiarize themselves with the CDC website on flooding and disasters, where a wealth of information is available. To check out the CDC website, visit, www.CDC.gov/disasters/floods.

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

 

General Information

The current number of identified Monkeypox cases can be found on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) webpage. Based on the information about monkeypox in Delaware available at this time, risk to the public appears low.

At this time, national data suggest that gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men make up the majority of cases in the current monkeypox outbreak. However, anyone, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity, who has been in close, personal contact with someone who has monkeypox, is at risk.

 

Questions about Monkeypox?

Call the Monkeypox hotline: 1-866-408-1899

Hours of Operation:
Monday – Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

E-mail: [email protected]

 

Resources

 

What You Need to Know

Monkeypox is a viral disease that can be spread between people and certain animals. The monkeypox virus is a part of the same family of viruses as the virus that causes smallpox.
 

What is Monkeypox?

An example of a Monkeypox rash. View of a person’s shoulder and back with a blistering rash that includes pus filed lesions.

The first human case of monkeypox was recorded in 1970. Prior to the 2022 outbreak, monkeypox had been reported in people in several central and western African countries. Previously, almost all monkeypox cases in people outside of Africa were linked to international travel to countries where the disease commonly occurs or through imported animals. These cases occurred on multiple continents.

Transmission: How it Spreads

 

It can spread to anyone through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact, including:

 

Contact with lesions

Body Fluids

Contaminated Materials

Respiratory Droplet

 

• Direct contact with monkeypox rash, scabs, or body fluids from a person with monkeypox.
  • This direct contact can happen during intimate contact, as well as through hugging, massage, and kissing.
• Contact with respiratory secretions.
• A pregnant person can spread the virus to their fetus through the placenta.

 
It can spread by touching objects:
 

• Fabrics, clothing, bedding, or towels
• Surfaces that have been used by someone with monkeypox
• Touching fabrics and objects during sex that were used by a person with monkeypox and that have not been disinfected, such as bedding, towels, fetish gear, and sex toys.

 
Exposure can happen during intimate contact, including:
 

• Sex with a person with monkeypox
• Hugging
• Kissing

 
Having multiple or anonymous sex partners may increase your chances of exposure to monkeypox.

 

Signs & Symptoms

 
In humans, the symptoms of monkeypox are similar to but milder than the symptoms of smallpox. Monkeypox begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, and exhaustion. The main difference between symptoms of smallpox and monkeypox is that monkeypox causes lymph nodes to swell (lymphadenopathy) while smallpox does not. The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms) for monkeypox is usually seven to 14 days but can range from five to 21 days.

The illness begins with:

• Fever
• Headaches
• Muscle aches
• Backache
• Sore throat
• Chills
• Exhaustion

Monkeypox rash on a thumb with one lesion, a pus filled sore. The right example shows a person’s back with multiple bumpy lesions. Photo Credit: NHS England High Consequence Infectious Diseases Network

Within one to three days (sometimes longer) after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a rash, often beginning on the face then spreading to other parts of the body. Lesions progress through the following stages before falling off:

Close up view of a person’s back with pus filled lesions and blister like rash. This is an example of the Monkeypox rash.

• Macules
• Papules
• Vesicles
• Pustules
• Scabs

 

What to Do if You Suspect an Infection

 

Call your doctor.

Ask about getting tested for Monkeypox.

Wear a mask.

When visiting your doctor and to prevent the possible spread.

Get treated.

Smallpox antivirals may be prescribed.

Isolate.

Isolate until the rash has healed and a new layer of skin has formed.

 

Testing

If you have symptoms of monkeypox, or are concerned you may have been exposed, contact your health care provider to discuss testing. Don’t have a health care provider? Contact MPX hotline at 1-866-408-1899 to discuss scheduling a testing appointment at a public health clinic. If you have symptoms of monkeypox, talk to your health care provider.

Treatment

Currently, there is no proven, safe treatment for monkeypox virus infection. For purposes of controlling a monkeypox outbreak in the United States, smallpox vaccine, antivirals, and vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) can be used. Learn more about smallpox vaccine, antivirals, and VIG treatments.

If you have symptoms of monkeypox, talk to your health care provider.

 

Vaccination

Delaware is currently offering vaccination to people at higher risk of exposure, including:

• People who have been identified as a contact of someone with monkeypox.
• People who are aware that one of their sexual partners in the past two weeks was diagnosed with monkeypox.
• People who had multiple sexual partners in the past two weeks in an area with known monkeypox.
• People living with HIV or receiving HIV Pre-exposure prophlaxis (PrEP)
  • Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and have had multiple (more than one) or any anonymous sexual partners in a social network experiencing monkeypox activity, this includes meeting partners through an online website, digital application (“app”), or social event (e.g., a bar or party)
  • Transgender women or nonbinary persons assigned male at birth who have sex with men
  • Sex workers (of any sexual orientation/gender)
  • Staff (of any sexual orientation/gender) at establishments where sexual activity occurs (e.g., bathhouses, saunas, sex clubs)

It is important to understand that while there may be many persons in DE who want a monkeypox vaccine, not everyone in the population needs a monkeypox vaccine. This is very different from COVID. Spread is primarily through direct contact with an infected person and not airborne transmission. Vaccines are not recommended for children. There are things that people in the general public, as well as the LGTBQ+ community can do to protect themselves regardless of their ability to access vaccine such as limiting direct contact with anyone with a concerning rash, limiting the number of intimate partners, talking openly with intimate contacts about recent behaviors, and not sharing bedding, towels and eating or drinking utensils with anyone who does.
 

Where to Get Vaccinated

 

DPH Clinics

Call the DPH Hotline at 1-866-408-1899 to coordinate an over the phone screening evaluation, and to schedule an appointment with a public health clinic.

 

Beebe Health Care

Individuals can schedule an appointment at beebehealthcare.org/online-scheduling

 

Newark Urgent Care

Visit NewarkUrgentCare.org to schedule an appointment. Clinics are held on Thursdays.

 

Prevention

 
There are number of measures that can be taken to prevent infection with monkeypox virus:
 

• Avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like monkeypox.
• Do not touch the rash or scabs of a person with monkeypox.
• Do not kiss, hug, cuddle or have sex with someone with monkeypox.
• Avoid contact with objects and materials that a person with monkeypox has used.
• Do not share eating utensils or cups with a person with monkeypox.
• Do not handle or touch the bedding, towels, or clothing of a person with monkeypox.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially before eating or touching your face and after you use the bathroom.
• Avoid contact with animals that could harbor the virus (including animals that are sick or that have been found dead in areas where monkeypox occurs).

 

Cleaning and Disinfecting for Monkeypox

 

For homes and hospitality industry

 
Proper cleaning of all exposed items is essential following a case of monkeypox. Poxviruses can survive in linens, clothing and on surfaces. In one study, investigators found live virus 15 days after a patient’s home was left unoccupied. Porous materials (bedding, clothing, etc.) may harbor live virus for longer periods of time than non-porous (plastic, glass, metal) surfaces. People who have recovered from monkeypox and whose isolation period has ended should disinfect all spaces within the home they had been in contact with. Follow the steps below to minimize risk of infection to others in your home after recovery.
 

Steps For Cleaning After An Infection

 

Wear protective clothing.

If cleaning and disinfection is done by someone other than the person with monkeypox, that person should wear, at a minimum, disposable medical gloves and a respirator or well fitting mask. Clothing that fully covers the skin should be worn, and immediately laundered. Wash hands with soap and water or use alcohol based hand sanitizer.

 

Disinfect.

Use an EPA recommended disinfectant. Focus on disinfecting items and surfaces that were in direct contact with the skin. Do not dry dust or sweep as this may spread infectious particles.

 

Wash and sanitize.

Wash sheets, blankets, clothes, and towels.

 

Delaware Monkeypox Outbreak 2022 Data

Monkeypox Cases in Delaware
New Castle	16
Kent	2
Sussex	7
Total	25

Age Group of Positive Cases in Delaware
0-17	0
18-34	12
35-49	10
50-64	3
65+	0

Gender Assigned at Birth of Positive Cases in Delaware
Male	25
Female	0
Unknown	0

Monkeypox Vaccine Data in Delaware

Monkeypox Vaccine Information
Persons having received at least one dose of the vaccine	698
Vaccine vials received by Delaware Public Health	1,188

 

News

View more news on news.delaware.gov

Read more at news.delaware.gov

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

I
have enjoyed the warm summer here in Humboldt County, and I’ve been
spending time in my sunny backyard with my family, getting my annual
reminder that sunscreen is not magical and needs reapplication.
United Indian Health Services (UIHS) has even hosted some outdoor
community events at our clinics throughout the region, some for the
first time in three years. Seeing old friends, clients and coworkers
in person has been as soothing and needed as those precious sunny
summer days are to my mental health.

Nurse Michelle with one of her nifty Corsi-Rosenthal boxes. Photo: Submited.

That
said, this is your monthly COVID-19 column, and while the “rules”
have changed recently, at least according to the CDC, the actual
situation across the country still suggests a need for proactive
steps, or at least that I inform you of the current state of affairs.

Let’s
start with those CDC guidance changes. The CDC has “streamlined”
the COVID-19 guidance, and has removed social
distancing recommendations, quarantine and “test-to-stay” for
school. It is also no longer required to mask on public transit (but
it is recommended) or have proof of a vaccination or a negative test
before, during or after travel.

The
logic behind this seems to be twofold. First is the idea of “meeting
people where they are,” and not trying to force or demand action
from the public, since you may have noticed that was slightly
divisive and didn’t work as intended. Second is the acknowledgment
that COVID-19 exposure is happening regularly, and quarantining after
exposure is, unfortunately, no longer a realistic response with so
many cases still going around. COVID-19 is now posing less risk of
“medically significant” infections, so the guidance is simplified
to “stay current with your vaccines and stay home if you are sick.”

Confirmed
cases in California have been trending downward for a month, which is
great. Both Humboldt and Del Norte Counties are “low” or “in
the green” as far as transmission (cases and hospitalizations).
Unfortunately, there are still 8,000 cases daily (in California), and
experts suggest the true number could be 6-7 times higher. Summer is
also drawing to a close, and the colder weather will draw all of us
indoors, which has lead to a troubling surge in COVID-19 deaths the
past two years, while over 500 Americans still die daily of COVID-19.

None
of this is to make you despair
— the situation has been improving slowly, and there are mitigation
efforts you can take to protect yourself and your community. Check
with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention “COVID-19
by County” page
to see what level of caution you should take when out and about, or
even when traveling to another area. Being ready for the unexpected
helps me feel better when I am traveling — emergency kit for the
car, first aid kit, disinfecting wipes, masks, hand sanitizer and
antigen test kits are the new normal.

Last
month I introduced you to Corsi-Rosenthal
boxes,
and I have been building my own and teaching classes on them in the
community. These filters will remove well over 90 percent
of virus and bacteria particles in the air (also wildfire smoke!) and
are incredibly easy to make. If you are worried about the air quality
in a shared space, I encourage you to build and install a
Corsi-Rosenthal box. They
are great in school classrooms, offices and retail shops, and have a
meaningful impact on reducing the spread of COVID-19.

Forget
COVID-19 for a minute. Your grandmother was right — if you’re sick,
stay home (and get tested). If you do get infected with COVID-19, you
still need to isolate for five days whether you have symptoms or not.
COVID-19 antigen (at home, rapid) tests are available and very
helpful to use if you are experiencing symptoms — even if you think
it’s “just a cold” or “boy, my allergies are really acting
up”, or “wow, this smoke is really making my throat feel
scratchy.” And don’t forget to wash those hands!

Regardless
of when you end isolation, avoid being around people who are more
likely to get very sick from COVID-19 until at least day 11, wear a
high-quality mask around people, and do not go places where you are
unable to wear a mask, including public transportation and travel
settings.

Masking
remains important for those who aren’t infected as well. As I
mentioned last month, the BA.5 variant has become the dominant strain
in most areas, and it remains infectious for the vaccinated and
previously-infected alike. This is troubling because of what is
becoming known as “long COVID.” While risks of severe infection,
hospitalization and death have decreased, incidents of long COVID
have continued for some people infected with the regular version of
COVID.

Long
COVID is still not well understood but is essentially a cluster of
late onset health symptoms brought on by COVID-19 infection. One of
the more common symptoms associated with long COVID is brain fog. I
don’t know about anyone else, but I don’t need any additional
brain fog in my life. Some other symptoms include tiredness, fatigue,
fever, difficulty breathing, headache, difficulty sleeping, joint
pain, depression, and anxiety. No. Thank. You. Very much.

Fall
approaches, and the rules are becoming recommendations. Use your
freedom to make healthy choices, and listen to your grandmother.

###

Michelle
Lewis-Lusso (she/her) is an Infection Prevention and Control nurse at
United Indian Health Services, serving the 11,000+ clients and staff
at their six area clinics. She’s not your grandma, but also thinks
you should cover your mouth when you cough.

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

Surf has launched its leading laundry fragrances into the household cleaning category for the first time, with a bold new trio of concentrated multi-purpose disinfectant cleaning products. Surf’s powerful household cleaning range will extend its popular fragrances beyond laundry and into the rest of the home – answering the demand for effective germ-kill and long-lasting fragrances in the category.

The brand is bringing its distinctive and much-loved laundry fragrances into the cleaning category with Passion Bloom, Coconut Bliss, and Tropical Lily. Shoppers will now be able to match their favourite Surf fragrances and unify the whole home with fresh scents derived from natural essential oils. The trio of multipurpose cleaners not only deliver Surf’s odour busting scents fans know and love, they also kill 99.9% of bacteria and viruses and can be used on many surfaces around the home. Surf disinfectants also offer strong value to shoppers as they are concentrated and make approximately 10 litres of product per bottle, once diluted.

To support the launch, ASDA and Surf are investing in a standout ATL shopper campaign to encourage trial of the new range. From 1st September, the new eye-catching merchandising stands will sit alongside in-store promotions and sampling. What’s more, Surf is investing over £2M into its overall Masterbrand campaign this year across radio, OOH, and social media.

Nadine Slyper, marketing director, laundry, Unilever, said: “We know there is a significant opportunity for a concentrated, multipurpose cleaning product that is not only effective at cleaning and disinfecting multiple surfaces, but also has much-loved and long-lasting fragrance. As the UK’s leading fragrance laundry brand, there is a huge opportunity to bring our expertise to the multipurpose cleaning category with this trio of new products. By expanding the Surf brand into a new category, we want to encourage trade up in-store and increase basket spend as shoppers look to incorporate our much-loved Surf scents into other parts of their homes.”

The new bottles are 100% recyclable and made from recycled materials, helping to reduce Surf’s impact on the environment. This forms part of Unilever’s wider global packaging commitment, which includes halving the company’s use of virgin plastic by reducing its absolute use of plastic packaging by more than 100,000 tonnes by 2025.

Surf Concentrated multipurpose Disinfectant is available in Tropical Lily, Coconut Bliss and Passion Bloom scents, exclusively at Asda now, with a further roll out in grocery in November.

RRP of £2.50 per unit (240ml).

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

Keep your house cooler with these clothesline ideas for outdoors and garden spaces. Learn how to string a clothesline and let the sun do the drying for free!

Laundry is like the mail, in the sense that you can expect some every day.

In the warmer months, rural folks often take advantage of the sun’s drying power by hanging their laundry on a clothesline. With minimal investment, you can create an easy and sustainable outdoor clothes-drying option that reduces your energy footprint — and the energy bill.

Normally, laundry is hung when the sun or breeze is sufficient to dry the clothes by the end of the day. In northern climates, this can typically be done from April through October. In the South, laundry can generally be hung all year long. Be sure to pay attention to the weather, and plan your laundry days to coincide with clear skies. If a sudden storm happens to pop up before you can get the clothes off the line, they’ll be fine. You’ll just have to leave them a little longer to dry again.

There are many benefits to line-dried laundry. The sun is a free source of heat, and it also has disinfecting qualities, effectively killing odors. The breeze is also free, giving your clothes the fresh scent and crispness only line-dried items can possess. While hanging up clothes is more time-consuming than dumping a load into a dryer, it’s also meditative and peaceful. I love the time I spend hanging clothes on the line. The birds sing around me; the sunshine permeates my skin and reminds me that this time is a precious gift before winter returns; and, last but not least, hanging laundry saves money! Whether you have a gas or electric dryer, those machines take a lot of energy to do their job.

Clothesline Ideas for Outdoors

Here are a few things to consider before you take the plunge and install a clothesline.

First, find a location that has daily access to several hours of sunlight and breeze. Next, think about the general flow of your yard. You’ll want prime sunshine, but not if you or your family members will get “clotheslined” crossing the space. If you have limited space, consider clothesline ideas for outdoors such as small clothesline models, or ones that can be folded up or collapsed between uses.

Another important decision when deciding how to string a clothesline is the height of your line. It needs to be low enough that it’s comfortable for you to reach, yet high enough that large items, such as bedsheets and towels, won’t drag on the ground.

Finally, think about the amount of clothes you’ll be drying. An average load of wet clothes weighs 30 to 40 pounds. If you hang more than one load at a time, that adds up. Pick a line with an adequate test weight. My family of six invested in a plastic-coated steel line that holds up to three loads at once.

How To String a Clothesline

If you have two solid trees or posts, a clothesline can be strung between them with relative ease. Try to find trees no more than 25 feet apart, as the clothesline will droop from the weight of the clothes. We’ve used this method with great success, although the obvious drawback is that shade from the trees can limit access to sunlight.

You’ll need a turnbuckle, two heavy-duty J-hooks, six metal U-bolt clamps, and two rope thimbles. Measure up the tree to the height you’ve determined (we chose 5 feet), drill a pilot hole for your first J-hook, and screw it in. Measure the same height on your second tree, drill a pilot hole, and screw in the second J-hook as far as it will turn.

Attach the turnbuckle to the second J-hook, and make sure the turnbuckle is threaded out so you can tighten it later. Next, thread one end of your clothesline into a thimble and then through the open end of the turnbuckle. You’ll want the apex of the thimble to rest securely against the metal loop in the turnbuckle. Giving yourself enough slack, clamp the end of the clothesline to itself using three U-bolt clamps, alternating sides, with about 1 inch between clamps. This side will be permanent until the end of the season. Walk your line to the second J-hook and measure the length between trees. Cut the clothesline 5 to 7 inches longer than the distance, and create a second loop just like the first one, using your remaining U-bolt clamps and rope thimble. Once secure, hook this loop onto your J-hook and tighten the tension using the turnbuckle.

Now, your line is ready for your first load of laundry! Anytime you want the line out of the way, simply loosen the turnbuckle and walk the line back to the first tree. A turnbuckle will help increase tension over time as well.

Retractable Line Dryer

A retractable line installed to a fixed point on your home or a tree, from which the line can be extended only when you need to dry clothes, is a great option for people with limited space and smaller loads of laundry.

Again, begin by picking a height at which to install the retractable line device. It should include a mounting bracket and its own hook. Be sure the intended distance doesn’t exceed the amount of line in the retractable mount — most are less than 50 feet. Drill into the tree at your desired height, using the provided mounting system. Next, install the hook on the second tree by drilling a pilot hole and screwing in the hook at your desired height. Pull your clothesline out from the retractable mount and connect it to the hook.

That’s it. You’re ready to hang your laundry. When finished, the line will retract and remain out of the way until you need it again. Be aware that retractable systems may sag more than other lines, because the tension system is limited.

Parallel or Umbrella Dryer

Another great style for small spaces where you can’t figure out how to string a clothesline is an umbrella dryer. This is a single-post unit with multiple lines that are either parallel to each other or in concentric circles. While the dryer is semipermanent, you can get 100 to 200 feet of line in a compact, 4-to-6-square-foot space. Most models spin, allowing you the convenience of standing in place while loading up the lines.

Begin by digging a hole in the ground deep enough to secure the post — 12 to 18 inches should be enough. For added durability and strength, use quick-set cement. Most umbrella dryers come with a two-piece base, allowing you to remove the top when not in use. Attach the top portion of the clothes dryer and check if it’s level. Adjust as needed. Remove the top, and allow at least 24 hours for the cement to set before using the clothesline. Some of these models fold up when not in use.

A good tip with umbrella systems is to hang heavy items, such as towels or jeans, on opposite sides to avoid bending the post or arm extensions.

T-Bar-Style Dryer

These solid posts are hard to beat for durability. A permanent feature, this laundry line works well in larger spaces and only needs periodic tightening of the lines once you’ve set it up.

You can order a kit with galvanized steel T-bars, or you can construct your own with 4x4s. Either way, make sure the two ends are no longer than 20 feet apart to avoid too much slack in your lines. The kits come with everything you’ll need, along with instructions for installation. Creating your own T-bar clothesline is a good weekend project. There are many tutorials online with various styles, but the basic idea is two wood or metal T-bars posted opposite each other, with eye hooks placed about 1 foot apart on each crossbeam. For a home-built system, you can determine the strength and durability of the materials you use.

The initial financial investment will quickly be offset with fewer dryer runs and clothes that last longer. If you have the space and time, a T-bar clothesline is a solid choice.

Other Considerations

For any of these clothesline ideas for outdoors, you’ll want to invest in quality clothespins. A few American companies manufacture clothespins the way they used to be made, using solid hardwood and heavy-gauge springs for longevity and holding power. Cheap department store clothespins are short-lived, because they break easily and won’t clip over heavy, wet items, such as jeans. I rely on my grandmother’s set of clothespins, which is at least 50 years old and still going strong. And don’t forget a clothespin bag, which is a must for easy access to your clothespins.

Clotheslines themselves come in a variety of materials. Cotton is durable and inexpensive, and a good investment for light loads of laundry. However, in humid climates, it can become mildewy. A number of plastic varieties are also good for light loads. For heavy loads, plastic-coated metal cable is the way to go. It’s more expensive, but it stands the tests of time and strength. Some have a 1,500-pound test strength! This is the line for those who need to dry a lot of clothes at once or have large, heavy items to dry, such as quilts and rugs.

Laundry Hanging Tips

• Hang pants upside down, using one or two clothespins per leg. The material is generally thinner at the bottom of the pants leg than it is at the waist, affording the clothespins a better grip.
• Clothespins sometimes leave marks on lighter clothes. Hang shirts or shorts upside down, and fold the fabric over the line so the clothespin is clipping the inner material. Any marks left will not be seen from the outside. Hang socks by the toes, since most will be hidden by shoes.
• Fold long towels in half over the line. They need minimal clipping, and by hanging them this way, they’ll already have a natural fold when they dry. This technique also makes them less likely to blow off in heavy wind.
• If you have limited line space, clipping clothes together with a small overlap will save space and clothespins.

Rebekah Sell enjoys reading, writing, and photography. She and her family have a strong interest in sustainable agrarian living.

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

IFA (International Funkausstellung Berlin) exhibition is a well renowned event, which held During September 2 to 6 happening annually in Germany. For the franchises to exhibit their latest, hot selling, or new launching products, IFA offers the best platform. For Viomi, it is the first time showcasing their products in IFA berlin this year. And the news is that they are bringing their innovative robot vacuum cleaner, Viomi Cyber Pro for the people to have live interaction – amongst a wide range of hot selling and new products.

Witness The Holistic Home Experience with Viomi at IFA Berlin 2022

No doubt that Viomi makes living more livable, as they say. Reshaping the image of smart homes, Viomi has made it literally possible for consumers to control their homes at their fingertips, when it comes to home smart home appliances.

You need to see it to believe it?

Viomi invites you to its IFA showroom for face-to-face interaction with smart home appliances. As their first time at the IFA exhibition, Viomi has brought its best products from new launches to hot sales to provide great value to its customers.

Speaking of what you can expect, Viomi is showcasing their refrigerators, washing machines, robot vacuum and mop, for you to interact with the machines in real time.

Viomi Cyber Pro High-end 3-in-1 Cordless Wet-Dry Vacuum Cleaner

You may have heard of a plethora of vacuum cleaners from cordless to dry and wet, automatic, and best performance manual ones – but, we bet, you have not seen something as Viomi Cyber Pro.

Packed with high-end functionality and optimal performance, Cyber Pro mop vacuum combo is one of its kind. It features all the features that a holistic home needs. From efficient cleaning, to energy saving, mindful design, no maintenance, yet tough on stubborn spots, this vacuum claim to do it all.

Wait! Did we say remote voice and app control?

Well, you have heard it right. Cyber Pro is set to revolutionize your cleaning experience with its all-sounder functionality. The news has it that you can use it anywhere!

1. Upgraded Edge Design: Its new brush edge design leaves no blind spots and thoroughly removes the stains without leaving edges and corners that are hard to reach with conventional vacuums.

2. Spot Cleaning Spray: Unlike manual spraying and soaking hard spots, Cyber Pro comes with an external nozzle attached at the front for one-click spray. As you clean, it allows you to spray tough and old stains for better dissolution.

3. Self-cleaning & Air-Drying Easy maintenance: If you are not rubbing your floors, then you should not be subbing your vacuum rollers afterwards. Cyber Pro robotic vacuum does it all for you. Dock the vacuum in its station and press the cleaning button. The machine automatically cleans and dries the mop.

4. Eco-friendly cleaning: Viomi believes in a holistic approach to living. With Cyber Pro you do not have to use chemicals to clean, sterilize, and disinfect your homes. With a single touch of a button, you can make electrolyzed water before you start cleaning.

5. 3-in-1 Intelligent Sensor-Detection, Vacuuming & Cleaning: Cyber Pro’s ability to intelligently recognize floor problems in real-time allows it to automatically alter the suction force and water volume. It lowers the frequency of water changes and lowers power usage while improving cleaning effectiveness and persistence.

6. Multiple Cleaning Modes: Speaking of robotic vacuums, we are in love with its multiple cleaning mods. It features electrolyzed water and absorption mode in addition to regular modes. You can use it for deep cleaning and in places like the kitchen in case of a water emergency.

Cyber Pro Bring an Era of Mindful Functionality;

Viomi ensures the best performance along with high-end functionality, featuring useful features that contribute to better cleaning and maintenance, ease of use, and minimum to no effort.

Specifications

Cyber Pro robot vacuum and mop comes with enhanced technological and design enhancements that increase productivity without compromising your wellbeing – that is what a holistic smart home appliances approach.

Battery

Featuring a 4000mAh larger capacity battery, you can vacuum upto 200㎡ in single recharge. Speaking of numbers, it allows you uninterrupted 35+ mins of cleaning. Moreover, if you have the sensor-detection settings on, it will automatically adjust the suction power to avoid frequent change of setting. It helps in saving battery by detecting the type of mess on the surface.

Tank

Cyber Pro features a 745ml dual clean and dirty water tank, which helps in cleaning larger areas better and continuously. In addition, you do not have to worry about overflowing, as its water-level sensors give you a reminder/warning to replace the clean water tank.

Controls

What we love the most about it is variable controls. Connecting to your smart home devices, you can remotely adjust the settings with a voice command or an app. Moreover, it features a convenient LED screen for controls.

It is your chance to visit the Viomi showroom at an IFA event happening in Berlin to see and try out this amazing robotic vacuum cleaner in real time. This is what you may have been looking for all this time!

In addition, you can get familiarized with what a revolutionary smart home actually is because Viomi makes things happen!

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

CAPITAL REGION, N.Y. (NEWS10) — Back to school also means back to the drawing board as many schools try to map out their bus plans this semester.

At Shenendehowa Central School District, Transportation Director Al Karam says returning to full in-person schooling comes with some lessons learned from the pandemic.

“COVID or not, we’re going to continue disinfecting our school buses twice a day. Once after the morning runs and again at the end of the day,” Karam explains to NEWS10’s Mikhaela Singleton.

One persistent problem is finding enough bus drivers. Districts across the state all concur they’re barely above water as the pool of applicants has dried up.

“The New York School Board Association of Superintendents released a study that shows 73.8 percent of the superintendents who were surveyed ranked that as their number one concern in terms of staffing,” explains David Christopher, the New York Association for Pupil Transportation Executive Director. “The trend we’re seeing is many retirees who would drive those buses were also those most susceptible to COVID, and so many were leaving the industry.”

“The foot traffic of people willing to come in and work has really gone down. Typically, we interview around 70 some odd people a year just to get about 20 to 25 drivers, and that has dropped dramatically to probably like 25 to 30 interviews a year,” Karam estimates.

Across the Capital Region, educators are looking at new approaches to student transportation and recruitment — from unique hiring fairs to utilizing partnerships with CDTA.

“We are the pioneers of doing test-drive-the-bus events, which has caught on regionally, state wide, and we’ve had people from outside the state call us and ask us how to go about doing that,” Karam says.

“Amsterdam is unique that we have our own transportation, we also have a third-party, and now we have CDTA. So there are three pieces that are making this work. Our hope is that by having those high school students on the CDTA buses, it will alleviate some of the issues as we move down to middle school and elementary,” says Richard Ruberti, superintendent at the Greater Amsterdam School District.

Many schools came up with emergency plans during the pandemic when quarantines contributed to a low driver turnout. Local schools tell NEWS10 those plans will prove useful until they can find more qualified bus drivers.

“We’ve formulated a plan that will instruct us on how to operate and timed capacity when we have 20 drivers out, when we have 25, 35, all the way up to 50. Last year on our worst day, we had 45 driver positions unfilled and we were able to fill that gap with the current staff, mechanics, and office staff who are licensed,” Karam explains.

“We have about eight to 10 positions open. We would like to have half a dozen subs available after that, but to become a licensed driver, if you don’t have a CDL it’s about a three month process. We go through 100 hours worth of training. You’re shadowing a veteran driver, becoming familiar with the routes, familiar with your bus, and then you have to sign up for the road test which oftentimes is a six week process,” explains South Colonie Central School District Superintendent Dr. Dave Perry. “We do have our applicants who are still going through the process operate as bus monitors and that way they’re also able to become familiar with the routes.”

Christopher says NYAPT has been instrumental in passing legislation and pushing for even further measures to alleviate the bus driver shortage. This includes removing the limitation for what retirees can earn as bus drivers. Where previously the cap was set at a $35,000 salary, the state has now suspended the limit until June 2023. The DMV is also piloting a third-party testing system so that school districts and bus operators can test their candidates themselves instead of waiting weeks for DMV test dates.

Finally, districts are determined to take a stand on safety. Dr. Perry says drivers break the law every time they try passing stopped buses.

“When you’re going up and down Central Avenue, you’ve got two lanes of highway. A bus may stop on the eastbound side and everyone needs to stop, whether you’re eastbound or westbound,” Perry says.

“Those flashing lights mean a child is either embarking or disembarking their school bus, and it is the worst fear of any bus operator that a child is injured or killed on their watch. There’s certainly plenty of evidence of near misses,” Christopher also says.

Starting Tuesday, South Colonie will be the first local district to install stop arm cameras on all their buses which will record license plates and fine any impatient drivers.

“There’s certainly devastation anytime there’s potential to injure a child getting off of us because somebody is illegally passing the school bus, so we want to do everything we can to keep our kids safe,” says Dr. Perry.

“The fines we’ve noticed aid tremendously with recidivism — preventing those second-time passers — and people have to remember too, these are children. They can be impulsive and more focused on getting to school or what they want to do when they get home. Drivers are licensed and, for the most part, adults and should be driving responsibly,” Christopher says.

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here

Newswise — Millions of people have died of coronavirus infection since 2020 because influential institutions took too long to recognize that it is primarily airborne, and a new University of Colorado Boulder-led historical analysis sheds light on the delay. The authors trace this deadly resistance one hundred years back in history, to the rejection of sickly air called “miasma,” the rise of germ theory and our own stubborn tendency to retain beliefs in spite of accumulating evidence to the contrary.

While the SARS-CoV-2 virus was invisibly infecting people in 2020 through the air in hospitals, churches, workplaces and restaurants, people across the world were focused on disinfecting surfaces and washing their hands. Many governments and businesses installed plexiglass barriers that actually increased coronavirus spread, said Jose-Luis Jimenez, lead author of a new comprehensive historical assessment of major medical mistakes involving disease transmission, now published in the journal Indoor Air.

“History set us up for a poor response to the pandemic,” said Jimenez, fellow at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and distinguished professor of chemistry at CU Boulder. “We might have had millions of fewer deaths, hundreds of millions fewer cases, if we’d taken appropriate, effective action from the start.”

The overview, written with colleagues from 10 countries, illuminates the often deadly impact of “belief perseverance,” in which it can take years or decades to challenge a set of beliefs—especially when the consequence of changing a set of beliefs is costly. It’s less expensive to ask people to wash hands or disinfect surfaces than it is to update a ventilation system, for example, or to re-engineer school classrooms, city buses and corporate boardrooms.

The authors, who include physicians, virologists, public health specialists, aerosol scientists, engineers, historians, a sociologist and an architect, spin through numerous examples of fatal mistakes in the history of research on infectious diseases. In 1847, for example, a scientist working in Austria showed that handwashing by medical doctors reduced deadly puerperal fever in a clinic. His work was dismissed because at the time, established medical and scientific beliefs blamed “a miasma in the air.” Handwashing made no sense to the establishment, and the suggestion that physicians, themselves, might be spreading disease, offended many.

Half a century later, another prominent researcher, Charles Chapin, ridiculed the idea of spooky miasmas or infected air. Chapin’s own work on infection had suggested to him that “contact infection” was the predominant way most infections spread. But he also knew how difficult it was to persuade people to wash their hands and disinfect surfaces if they thought some diseases might spread through the air, and how difficult it would be to figure out how to clean the air itself. So he argued his “contact infection” theory without evidence and managed to effectively label airborne disease transmission as superstition.

Jimenez and his co-authors trace disease transmission history from Chapin to 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other institutions expressed deep skepticism or outright denial that SARS-CoV-2 might spread through the air, despite increasing evidence it was doing just that.

Jimenez said he thinks that most people at WHO and CDC were honest in their skepticism in early 2020, just struggling to get their minds around the fact that the conventional way of thinking about respiratory infection transmission—spreading through heavy droplets falling on surfaces—might be inadequate to explain the pandemic.

“They were stuck on the theory, distorting the interpretation of the observations to match their pre-existing beliefs,” said Jimenez.

Others have suggested that economics have also been at play, much as with climate change.

It’s convenient to ask individuals to take small, individual actions like handwashing and driving less, Jimenez noted. It’s more expensive for institutions to make structural changes, such as increasing ventilation everywhere, or replacing fossil fuel infrastructure with renewable energy.

So in preparation for facing the next pandemic intelligently, Jimenez and his colleagues are first working to find allies, especially in the hardworking medical and public health professions where many people have been too busy saving lives to enter the discussion about disease transmission, but have direct experience.

“And confrontation is also needed when major institutions refuse to accept the science and to communicate it clearly,” Jimenez added. “Maybe we have to badger the establishment a little, like Florence Nightingale did.”

Nightingale “lobbied” the British government for decades to support her reforms at hospitals, increasing hygiene, ventilation and distance between beds at a time when it was still seen as unnecessary.

[ad_2]

Originally Appeared Here